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Amidst globalisation Banking System in India has attained vital
importance. Day by day there has been increasing banking complexities in
banking transactions, capital requirements, liquidity, credit and risks
associated with them.
The World Trade Organisation (WTO), of which India is a member nation,
requires the countries like India to get their banking systems at par with
the global standards in terms of financial health, safety and
transparency, by implementing the Basel II Norms by 2009.
BASEL COMMITTEE:
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision provides a forum for regular
cooperation on banking supervisory matters. Its objective is to enhance
understanding of key supervisory issues and improve the quality of banking
supervision worldwide. It seeks to do so by exchanging information on
national supervisory issues, approaches and techniques, with a view to
promoting common understanding. The Committee's Secretariat is located at
the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in Basel, Switzerland.
NEED FOR SUCH NORMS:
The first accord by the name .Basel Accord I. was established in 1988
and was implemented by 1992. It was the very first attempt to introduce
the concept of minimum standards of capital adequacy. Then the second
accord by the name Basel Accord II was established in 1999 with a final
directive in 2003 for implementation by 2006 as Basel II Norms.
Unfortunately, India could not fully implement this but, is now gearing up
under the guidance from the Reserve Bank of India to implement it from 1
April, 2009.
Basel II Norms have been introduced to overcome the drawbacks of Basel
I Accord. For Indian Banks, its the need of the hour to buckle-up and
practice banking business at par with global standards and make the
banking system in India more reliable, transparent and safe. These Norms
are necessary since India is and will witness increased capital flows from
foreign countries and there is increasing cross-border economic &
financial transactions.
FEATURES OF BASEL II NORMS:
Basel II Norms are considered as the reformed & refined form of
Basel I Accord. The Basel II Norms primarily stress on 3 factors, viz.
Capital Adequacy, Supervisory Review and Market discipline. The Basel
Committee calls these factors as the Three Pillars to manage risks.
Pillar I: Capital Adequacy Requirements:
Under the Basel II Norms, banks should maintain a minimum capital
adequacy requirement of 8% of risk assets. For India, the Reserve Bank of
India has mandated maintaining of 9% minimum capital adequacy requirement.
This requirement is popularly called as Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) or
Capital to Risk Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR).
Pillar II: Supervisory Review:
Banks majorly encounter with 3 Risks, viz. Credit, Operational &
Market Risks.
Basel II Norms under this Pillar wants to ensure that
not only banks have adequate capital to support all the risks, but also to
encourage them to develop and use better risk management techniques in
monitoring and managing their risks. The process has four key
principles:
a) Banks should have a process for assessing their
overall capital adequacy in relation to their risk profile and a strategy
for monitoring their capital levels.
b) Supervisors should review
and evaluate bank's internal capital adequacy assessment and strategies,
as well as their ability to monitor and ensure their compliance with
regulatory capital ratios.
c) Supervisors should expect banks to
operate above the minimum regulatory capital ratios and should have the
ability to require banks to hold capital in excess of the
minimum.
d) Supervisors should seek to intervene at an early stage
to prevent capital from falling below minimum level and should require
rapid remedial action if capital is not mentioned or restored.
Pillar III: Market Discipline:
Market discipline imposes banks to conduct their banking business in a
safe, sound and effective manner. Mandatory disclosure requirements on
capital, risk exposure (semiannually or more frequently, if appropriate)
are required to be made so that market participants can assess a bank's
capital adequacy. Qualitative disclosures such as risk management
objectives and policies, definitions etc. may be also published.
CONCLUSION:
Basel II Norms offers a variety of options in addition to the standard
approach to measuring risk. Paves the way for financial institutions to
proactively control risk in their own interest and keep capital
requirement low.
But . . .
Requires strategizing risk management for the entire enterprise,
building huge data warehouses, crunching numbers and performing complex
calculations and poses great challenges of compliance for banks and
financial institutions.
Increasingly, banks and securities firms world over are getting their
act together.